If the International Space Station (ISS) were struck by an object and needed to be repaired immediately, it would take an astronaut hours to prepare for a spacewalk and perform repairs. Without the Earth's atmosphere to shield them from the sun's radiation, astronauts survive by wearing bulky space suits that cost millions of dollars apiece and aren't practical in an emergency. The temperature of deep space plummets to minus 454 degrees F (minus 270 degrees C). Outside, astronauts encounter temperatures that can swing from 248 degrees F (120 degrees C) to minus 148 degrees F (minus 100 degrees C), and that's just near Earth. How long can a human survive in outer space?.Temperature must be carefully regulated as well, to say nothing of systems to supply food and water and dispose of waste. The crew compartments must be pressurized with the right mix of breathable gases and water vapor, and systems must circulate and revitalize those gases to keep the air breathable. Inside a capsule or shuttle, space travelers must exercise regularly to stave off the bone density loss and muscle atrophy caused by prolonged periods spent in microgravity. Space travel takes its toll on astronauts because the human body is not suited to the harsh conditions governing the realms beyond our atmosphere.
Their journey endowed us with a common experience greater than anything Hollywood could create, because it was real. Through their commentary, people on Earth watching the grainy black-and-white pictures of the lunar landscape shared a connection to the eternal and to the extraterrestrial. Landing a spaceship on the moon wouldn't have been the same without astronauts. It's hard to imagine a more dramatic undertaking than space travel, in which brave souls seal themselves in amazing vehicles and are launched by controlled explosions into an environment hostile to all known life - all in the name of science and human daring. R2 hitched a ride to space aboard the shuttle on Feb. Robonaut 2 (on left) became the first nonhuman to visit the International Space Station.
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